Modal AuxiLiaries

Modal Auxiliaries

Other helping verbs, called modal auxiliaries or modals, such as can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would, do not change form for different subjects. For instance, try substituting any of these modal auxiliaries for can with any of the subjects listed below.

There is also a separate section on the Modal Auxiliaries, which divides these verbs into their various meanings of necessity, advice, ability, expectation, permission, possibility, etc., and provides sample sentences in various tenses. See the section on Conditional Verb Forms for help with the modal auxiliary would. The shades of meaning among modal auxiliaries are multifarious and complex. Most English-as-a-Second-Language textbooks will contain at least one chapter on their usage. For more advanced students, A University Grammar of English, by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum, contains an excellent, extensive analysis of modal auxiliaries.

Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs such as will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need are used in conjunction with main verbs to express shades of time and mood. The combination of helping verbs with main verbs creates what are called verb phrases or verb strings. In the following sentence, "will have been" are helping or auxiliary verbs and "studying" is the main verb; the whole verb string is underlined:

• As of next August, I will have been studying chemistry for ten years.

Students should remember that adverbs and contracted forms are not, technically, part of the verb. In the sentence, "He has already started." the adverb already modifies the verb, but it is not really part of the verb. The same is true of the 'nt in "He hasn't started yet" (the adverb not, represented by the contracted n't, is not part of the verb, has started).

Shall, will and forms of have, do and be combine with main verbs to indicate time and voice. As auxiliaries, the verbs be, have and do can change form to indicate changes in subject and time.

• I shall go now.
• He had won the election.
• They did write that novel together.
• I am going now.
• He was winning the election.
• They have been writing that novel for a long time.

Uses of Shall and Will and Should

In England, shall is used to express the simple future for first person I and we, as in "Shall we meet by the river?" Will would be used in the simple future for all other persons. Using will in the first person would express determination on the part of the speaker, as in "We will finish this project by tonight, by golly!" Using shall in second and third persons would indicate some kind of promise about the subject, as in "This shall be revealed to you in good time." This usage is certainly acceptable in the U.S., although shall is used far less frequently. The distinction between the two is often obscured by the contraction 'll, which is the same for both verbs.

In the United States, we seldom use shall for anything other than polite questions (suggesting an element of permission) in the first-person:

• "Shall we go now?"
• "Shall I call a doctor for you?"

(In the second sentence, many writers would use should instead, although should is somewhat more tentative than shall.) In the U.S., to express the future tense, the verb will is used in all other cases.

Shall is often used in formal situations (legal or legalistic documents, minutes to meetings, etc.) to express obligation, even with third-person and second-person constructions:

• The board of directors shall be responsible for payment to stockholders.
• The college president shall report financial shortfalls to the executive director each semester."

Should is usually replaced, nowadays, by would. It is still used, however, to mean "ought to" as in

• You really shouldn't do that.
• If you think that was amazing, you should have seen it last night.

In British English and very formal American English, one is apt to hear or read should with the first-person pronouns in expressions of liking such as "I should prefer iced tea" and in tentative expressions of opinion such as

• I should imagine they'll vote Conservative.

I should have thought so.

Uses of Do, Does and Did

In the simple present tense, do will function as an auxiliary to express the negative and to ask questions. (Does, however, is substituted for third-person, singular subjects in the present tense. The past tense did works with all persons, singular and plural.)

• I don't study at night.
• She doesn't work here anymore.
• Do you attend this school?
• Does he work here?

These verbs also work as "short answers," with the main verb omitted.

• Does she work here? No, she doesn't work here.

With "yes-no" questions, the form of do goes in front of the subject and the main verb comes after the subject:

• Did your grandmother know Truman?
• Do wildflowers grow in your back yard?

Forms of do are useful in expressing similarity and differences in conjunction with so and neither.

• My wife hates spinach and so does my son.
• My wife doesn't like spinach; neither do I.

Do is also helpful because it means you don't have to repeat the verb:

• Larry excelled in language studies; so did his brother.
• Raoul studies as hard as his sister does.

The so-called emphatic do has many uses in English.

1. To add emphasis to an entire sentence: "He does like spinach. He really does!"
2. To add emphasis to an imperative: "Do come in." (actually softens the command)
3. To add emphasis to a frequency adverb: "He never did understand his father." "She always does manage to hurt her mother's feelings."
4. To contradict a negative statement: "You didn't do your homework, did you?" "Oh, but I did finish it."
5. To ask a clarifying question about a previous negative statement: "Ridwell didn't take the tools." "Then who did take the tools?"
6. To indicate a strong concession: "Although the Clintons denied any wrong-doing, they did return some of the gifts."

In the absence of other modal auxiliaries, a form of do is used in question and negative constructions known as the get passive:

• Did Rinaldo get selected by the committee?
• The audience didn't get riled up by the politician.

Uses of Have, Has and Had

Forms of the verb to have are used to create tenses known as the present perfect and past perfect. The perfect tenses indicate that something has happened in the past; the present perfect indicating that something happened and might be continuing to happen, the past perfect indicating that something happened prior to something else happening. (That sounds worse than it really is!) See the section on Verb Tenses in the Active Voice for further explanation; also review material in the Directory of English Tenses.

To have is also in combination with other modal verbs to express probability and possibility in the past.

• As an affirmative statement, to have can express how certain you are that something happened (when combined with an appropriate modal + have + a past participle): "Georgia must have left already." "Clinton might have known about the gifts." "They may have voted already."
• As a negative statement, a modal is combined with not + have + a past participle to express how certain you are that something did not happen: "Clinton might not have known about the gifts." "I may not have been there at the time of the crime."
• To ask about possibility or probability in the past, a modal is combined with the subject + have + past participle: "Could Clinton have known about the gifts?"
• For short answers, a modal is combined with have: "Did Clinton know about this?" "I don't know. He may have." "The evidence is pretty positive. He must have."

To have (sometimes combined with to get) is used to express a logical inference:

• It's been raining all week; the basement has to be flooded by now.
• He hit his head on the doorway. He has got to be over seven feet tall!

Have is often combined with an infinitive to form an auxiliary whose meaning is similar to "must."

• I have to have a car like that!
• She has to pay her own tuition at college.
• He has to have been the first student to try that.

1. Uses of Can and Could

A. The modal auxiliary can is used

• to express ability (in the sense of being able to do something or knowing how to do something): He can speak Spanish but he can't write it very well.
• to expression permission (in the sense of being allowed or permitted to do something):
  Can I talk to my friends in the library waiting room? (Note that can is less formal than may. Also, some writers will object to the use of can in this context.)
• to express theoretical possibility: American automobile makers can make better cars if they think there's a profit in it.

B. The modal auxiliary could is used

• to express an ability in the past:

I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.

• to express past or future permission:

Could I bury my cat in your back yard?

• to express present possibility:

We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking.

• to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances:

If he studied harder, he could pass this course.

In expressing ability, can and could frequently also imply willingness: Can you help me with my homework?

2. Can versus May

Whether the auxiliary verb can can be used to express permission or not — "Can I leave the room now?" ["I don't know if you can, but you may."] — depends on the level of formality of your text or situation. As Theodore Bernstein puts it in The Careful Writer, "a writer who is attentive to the proprieties will preserve the traditional distinction: can for ability or power to do something, may for permission to do it.

The question is at what level can you safely ignore the "proprieties." Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, tenth edition, says the battle is over and can can be used in virtually any situation to express or ask for permission. Most authorities, however, recommend a stricter adherence to the distinction, at least in formal situations.

3. Uses of May and Might

Two of the more troublesome modal auxiliaries are may and might. When used in the context of granting or seeking permission, might is the past tense of may. Might is considerably more tentative than may.

• May I leave class early?
• If I've finished all my work and I'm really quiet, might I leave early?

In the context of expressing possibility, may and might are interchangeable present and future forms and might + have + past participle is the past form:

• She might be my advisor next semester.
• She may be my advisor next semester.
• She might have advised me not to take biology.

Avoid confusing the sense of possibility in may with the implication of might, that a hypothetical situation has not in fact occurred. For instance, let's say there's been a helicopter crash at the airport. In his initial report, before all the facts are gathered, a newscaster could say that the pilot "may have been injured." After we discover that the pilot is in fact all right, the newscaster can now say that the pilot "might have been injured" because it is a hypothetical situation that has not occurred. Another example: a body had been identified after much work by a detective. It was reported that "without this painstaking work, the body may have remained unidentified." Since the body was, in fact, identified, might is clearly called for.

4. Uses of Will and Would

In certain contexts, will and would are virtually interchangeable, but there are differences. Notice that the contracted form 'll is very frequently used for will.

Will can be used to express willingness:

• I'll wash the dishes if you dry.
• We're going to the movies. Will you join us?

It can also express intention (especially in the first person):

• I'll do my exercises later on.

and prediction:

• specific: The meeting will be over soon.
• timeless: Humidity will ruin my hairdo.
• habitual: The river will overflow its banks every spring.

Would can also be used to express willingness:

• Would you please take off your hat?

It can also express insistence (rather rare, and with a strong stress on the word "would"):

• Now you've ruined everything. You would act that way.

and characteristic activity:

• customary: After work, he would walk to his home in West Hartford.
• typical (casual): She would cause the whole family to be late, every time.

In a main clause, would can express a hypothetical meaning:

• My cocker spaniel would weigh a ton if I let her eat what she wants.

Finally, would can express a sense of probability:

• I hear a whistle. That would be the five o'clock train.

5. Uses of Used to

The auxiliary verb construction used to is used to express an action that took place in the past, perhaps customarily, but now that action no longer customarily takes place:

• We used to take long vacation trips with the whole family.

The spelling of this verb is a problem for some people because the "-ed" ending quite naturally disappears in speaking: "We yoostoo take long trips." But it ought not to disappear in writing. There are exceptions, though. When the auxiliary is combined with another auxiliary, did, the past tense is carried by the new auxiliary and the "-ed" ending is dropped. This will often happen in the interrogative:

• Didn't you use to go jogging every morning before breakfast?
• It didn't use to be that way.

Used to can also be used to convey the sense of being accustomed to or familiar with something:

• The tire factory down the road really stinks, but we're used to it by now.
• I like these old sneakers; I'm used to them.

Used to is best reserved for colloquial usage; it has no place in formal or academic text.

The Noun Phrase

The Noun Phrase

The noun phrase is a group of words that ends with a noun. it can contain determiners (the, a, this, etc.), adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. it CANNOT begin with a preposition. remember that both subjects and complements are generally noun phrases.
In English grammar, a noun phrase has three components:

1.      The head

is the hub, the center of attraction (as it were) of the noun phrase; it is the noun or pronoun around which the other parts gather together. The head determines concord with the portion of the sentence outside the noun phrase. Thus:

The change in the Asian economies is unprecedented.

The changes in Japan’s economy are most unexpected.

2.      Premodification

consists of all the words place before the head. These words are usually determiners, adjectives and nouns. Thus:
That sophisticated city woman (”That” (determiner), “sophisticated” (adjective), “city” (noun); woman (head))
Many honest down and out small-town businessmen (”Many” (determiner), “honest” (adjective), “down and out” (adjective phrase), “small-town” (noun); businessmen (head))

3. Postmodification

comprises words in the noun phrase that follow the head. These words usually consist of prepositional phrases, nonfinite clauses, and relative clauses.Thus:
The talkative man in the center of the room … (prepositional phrase)
All the women walking on the bike path … (non-finite clause)
The house that I purchased for my third husband … (restrictive relative clause)
The house, which my partner and I bought a month after we met, … (non-restrictive relative clause)

There can also be adjectival post-modification:
Corruption aplenty (”aplenty” (adjective); corruption (head)). Thus: Corruption aplenty, in every unsurprising form, graced the occasion.

4. Apposition

A related concept is apposition, a construction usually involving two noun phrases that refer to the same entity (noun or pronoun). Examples:
That president, Abraham Lincoln, lives in the hearts …
Her dog, sixteen years old and nearly blind with cataract, greeted …
The book was written by Jane Doe, a pioneering seventeenth century veterinarian.

Count Noun

In linguistics, a count noun (also countable noun) is a common noun that can be modified by a numeral and occur in both singular and plural form, as well as co-occurring with quantificational determiners like every, each, several, etc. A mass noun has none of these properties. It can’t be modified by a numeral, occur in singular/plural or co-occur with the relevant kind of determiner.

Some determiners can be used with both mass and count nouns, including “some”, “a lot (of)”, “no”. Others cannot: “few” and “many” are used with count items, “little” and “much” with mass. (On the other hand “fewer” is reserved for count and “less” for mass, but “more” is the proper comparative for both “many” and “much”.)

Non_Count nouns

Non-count nouns do not have a singular or a plural form. In a sentance, a noncount noun is treated like a singular noun and uses the verb form for singular nouns.
A and an cannot be used with noncount nouns. However, noncount nouns that represent a collection or a mass may be preceded by a phrase that indicates quantity, or quantifier, such as a lot of, a little, some, much, any. Some determiners can be used only with count or noun-count nouns, while others can be used with either.

I Make sentence and then identify whatever countable or uncountable noun

1.Television
There are units television in my room. (countale)

2. Car
The expensive and the fastest car is ferrari FXX limited.(countale)

3. News
 Everyday I read news.(uncountable)

4. Geography
Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. (uncountable)

5. Atmosphere
The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity.(uncountable)

6. Person
Just a few person left in that room.(countale)

7. Water
I always drink 8 glasses mineral water every day.(uncountable)

8. Pencil
Children usually use pencil to write and to draw.(countale)

9. Food
I’m hungry,please give me some food!(countable)

10. Tooth
My grandfather only have one tooth left. (countale)

11. Soap
Soap is used to be a cleanser in water (countable)

12. Soup
If you cougth cold you should eat a bowl hot soup.(uncountable)

13. Cup
I want a cup of coffee.(countale)

14. Money
I don’t have much money too buy this car.(uncountable)

15. Hydrogen
Hydrogen gas is highly flammable and will burn in air at a very wide range of concentrations between 4% and 75% by volume.(uncountable)

16. Minute
I'll be there in five minutes.(uncountable)

II Choose the correct determiners in the following sentences.

1. He doesn’t have ( many / much ) money.
He doesn’t have much money.

2. I would like ( a few / a little ) salt on my vegetables.
I would like a little salt on my vegetables.

3. She bought ( that / those ) cards last night.
She bought those cards last night.

4. There are ( less / fewer ) students in this room than in the next room.
There are fewer students in this room than in the next room.

5. There is ( too much / too many ) bad news on television tonight.
There is too much bad news on television tonight.

6. I do not want ( these / this ) water.
I do not want this water.

7. This is ( too many / too much ) information to learn.
This is too much information to learn.

8. A ( few / little ) people left early.
A few people left early.

9. Would you like ( less / fewer ) coffee than this?
Would you like less coffee than this?

10. This jacket costs ( too much / too many ).
This jacket costs too much.

BANKING

BANKING

Banking is a company engaged in the financial sector, meaning that banking activities are always associated in the field of finance. So the banking world is inseparable from financial problems. Banking is also an institution of storage and distribution of funds from the public. In addition, banks as institutions that regulate traffic on a country's currency. One of the banking activity is the provision of financing or credit.

Understanding Banks and Banking Activity

In daily conversation, the bank is known as a financial institution whose main activities are receiving deposits, demand deposits, savings and time deposits. Then the bank also known as a place to borrow money (credit) for people in need. Besides, the bank also known as a place to change money, move money or receive any form of payment and deposit payments like payment of electricity, telephone, water, taxes, fees and other payments. The Bank is a business entity which collects funds from the community and distribute it back to the community. This is the kind described by Kashmir, the understanding of the Bank are as follows: "The Bank is a business entity which collects funds from the public in the form of savings and channel them to the community in the form of credit and / or other forms in order to improve the standard of living of the people."

From the above understanding, the bank is a financial institution whose main activity is collecting funds from society and channel them back to the community one of them in the form of financing or credit diberikan.Sedangkan by Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 31 of 2004 on bank accounting, the bank has a meaning: "The Bank is an institution that acted as financial intermediaries (financial intermediary) between the parties that have excess funds (surplus units) with the parties that need funding (deficit units), as well as a functioning institution facilitate payment of traffic.”

Based on the above understanding, it can be concluded that basically the bank is a financial institution which has the function as an intermediary or an intermediary for traffic circulation of money, that is by collecting funds from people with excess funds, in the form of deposits and then manage the funds with how to lend to people who need the funds as financing or credit, and may provide other financial services and facilitate payment of traffic.
The first banking activities is to collect funds from the public who is known as funding activities. Understanding the funding intention is to collect and raise funds by buying from the public. Purchase of public funds is done by banks with a strategy for how to install the community want to keep their funds in the form of deposits, the type of savings that can be selected by the public is as current accounts, savings accounts, certificates of deposit and time deposits. As a financial institution, activities of daily bank will not be apart from the financial sector. Activities of the banks simply we can say is buy the currency (raise funds from the public) and sells money (funds) to the general public. The banking activities in Indonesia according to Kashmir, namely:

1. collecting funds from society,

2. channeling funds to the community,

3. other bank services.

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